NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology - All 22 Chapters

All 22 Chapters

The Living World

Classification, Taxonomy

› 2

Biological Classification

Five kingdom classification

› 3

Plant Kingdom

Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

› 4

Animal Kingdom

Phyla, Symmetry, Body plans

› 5

Morphology of Flowering Plants

Root, Stem, Leaf, Flower, Fruit

› 6

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Tissues, Vascular bundles

› 7

Structural Organisation in Animals

Tissues, Earthcockroach anatomy

› 8

The Cell

Cell structure, Cell organelles

› 9

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids

› 10

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Mitosis, Meiosis

› 11

Transport in Plants

Xylem, Phloem, Transpiration

› 12

Mineral Nutrition

Essential minerals, Deficiency symptoms

› 13

Photosynthesis

Light reactions, Calvin cycle, C3, C4 plants

› 14

Respiration in Plants

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

› 15

Plant Growth and Development

Hormones, Photoperiodism

› 16

Digestion and Absorption

Digestive system, Enzymes

› 17

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Respiratory system, Lung volumes

› 18

Body Fluids and Circulation

Blood, Heart, Blood vessels

› 19

Excretory Products and their Elimination

Kidney, Urine formation, Micturition

› 20

Locomotion and Movement

Muscles, Skeleton, Joints

› 21

Neural Control and Coordination

Neuron, Synapse, Brain, Eye, Ear

› 22

Chemical Coordination and Integration

Hormones, Endocrine glands

›

Chapter 1: The Living World

Q1. What are the characteristics of living organisms?

Solution

Growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, consciousness, and homeostasis are key characteristics of living organisms.

Q2. What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?

Solution

Taxonomy: Identification, nomenclature, and classification
Systematics: Includes taxonomy plus evolutionary relationships

Chapter 2: Biological Classification

Q1. Who proposed the five kingdom classification?

Solution

Robert Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Q2. What are the characteristics of Kingdom Monera?

Solution

Unicellular, prokaryotic, no membrane-bound organelles. Includes bacteria, cyanobacteria. Some are autotrophic, others heterotrophic.

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

Q1. What is the difference between algae and bryophytes?

Solution

Algae: Thalloid, aquatic, no vascular tissue
Bryophytes: First land plants, have leaf-like and stem-like structures, no true vascular tissue

Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

Q1. What is the difference between coelomates and acoelomates?

Solution

Coelomates: Have true body cavity lined by mesoderm (e.g., annelids, chordates)
Acoelomates: No body cavity (e.g., flatworms)

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q1. What is the difference between root and stem?

Solution

Root: Grows downward, has root cap, no nodes, absorbs water
Stem: Grows upward, has nodes and internodes, bears leaves and flowers

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q1. What are the three types of ground tissue system?

Solution

1. Parenchyma: Storage, photosynthesis
2. Collenchyma: Flexibility, support
3. Sclerenchyma: Hardness, strength

Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Q1. What are the four types of tissues in animals?

Solution

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Chapter 8: The Cell

Q1. What are the functions of mitochondria?

Solution

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce ATP through cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and ETC).

Q2. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Solution

Prokaryotic: No membrane-bound nucleus, no organelles (bacteria)
Eukaryotic: True nucleus, membrane-bound organelles (plants, animals)

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Q1. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Solution

DNA: Double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, Thymine base
RNA: Single stranded, ribose sugar, Uracil base

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Q1. What are the phases of mitosis?

Solution

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

Q2. What is the significance of meiosis?

Solution

Meiosis produces gametes with half the chromosome number (n), maintains chromosome number across generations, and introduces genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Chapter 11: Transport in Plants

Q1. What is transpiration? What are its functions?

Solution

Transpiration is the loss of water as vapor from plant surfaces.
Functions: Creates transpiration pull, cools the plant, maintains water balance.

Chapter 13: Photosynthesis

Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Q1. What are the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Solution

Light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes. They include photolysis of water, electron transport chain, and ATP/NADPH formation through photosystems I and II.

Q2. What is the Calvin cycle?

Solution

Calvin cycle (dark reactions) occurs in stroma. CO₂ is fixed by RuBisCO into 3-PGA, then reduced to G3P using ATP and NADPH, ultimately forming glucose.

Chapter 14: Respiration in Plants

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38 ATP

Q1. What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

Solution

1. Glycolysis: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate (cytoplasm, 2 ATP)
2. Krebs cycle: Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria, 2 ATP)
3. ETC: Oxidative phosphorylation (34 ATP)

Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption

Q1. What are the enzymes involved in protein digestion?

Solution

Pepsin (stomach) → Trypsin, Chymotrypsin (duodenum) → Peptidases (jejunum)

Chapter 17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Q1. What are the lung volumes?

Solution

Tidal volume = 500 mL
Inspiratory reserve = 2500-3000 mL
Expiratory reserve = 1000-1100 mL
Residual volume = 1100-1200 mL
Vital capacity = 3500-4600 mL

Chapter 18: Body Fluids and Circulation

Q1. What are the components of blood?

Solution

Plasma (55%) + RBC + WBC + Platelets (45%)

Chapter 19: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Q1. What are the steps of urine formation?

Solution

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination

Q1. What is the structure of a neuron?

Solution

Dendrites → Cell body (soma) → Axon → Axon terminal (synaptic knobs)

Q2. What is the difference between electrical and chemical synapses?

Solution

Electrical: Direct ionic current, no delay
Chemical: Neurotransmitter release, 0.5 ms delay

Chapter 22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Q1. Name the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.

Solution

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, ADH, Oxytocin