All 13 Chapters

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Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations

This chapter introduces chemical reactions, how to write and balance chemical equations, and different types of chemical reactions.

Q1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Solution

Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning because:

• Magnesium ribbon has a thin layer of magnesium oxide (MgO) on its surface due to reaction with air.

• This layer prevents the ribbon from burning properly.

• Cleaning with sandpaper removes this oxide layer, exposing fresh magnesium metal for a bright and clean combustion.

Q2. Balance the following chemical equation:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Solution

We balance the atoms of each element on both sides:

Unbalanced: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

Balancing Fe: 3Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Balancing O: 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Balancing H: 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2

Balanced: 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
2Mg + O₂ 2MgO Combination 2Pb(NO₃)₂ 2PbO + 4NO₂ + O₂ Decomposition Fe + CuSO₄ FeSO₄ + Cu Displacement Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ BaSO₄ + 2NaCl Double Displacement
Types of Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions:
• Combination: A + B → AB
• Decomposition: AB → A + B
• Displacement: A + BC → AC + B
• Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
• Oxidation: Loss of hydrogen / Gain of oxygen
• Reduction: Gain of hydrogen / Loss of oxygen

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts

This chapter covers properties of acids and bases, the pH scale, neutralisation reactions, and common salts.

Q1. A solution turns red litmus blue. Its pH is likely to be:
(a) 1   (b) 4   (c) 7   (d) 10
Solution

Answer: (d) 10

A solution that turns red litmus blue is basic (alkaline) in nature. Basic solutions have pH greater than 7.

• pH = 1 → Strongly acidic

• pH = 4 → Weakly acidic

• pH = 7 → Neutral

• pH = 10 → Basic ✓

Q2. What happens when dilute HCl is added to zinc granules?
Solution

When dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to zinc granules:

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) ↑

• Zinc reacts with dilute HCl to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.

• This is a displacement reaction where zinc displaces hydrogen from the acid.

• Bubbles of hydrogen gas are observed on the surface of zinc granules.

• The reaction is exothermic (releases heat).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ACIDIC NEUTRAL BASIC Lemon juice Vinegar Orange juice Milk Water Baking soda Soap Bleach pH 1 pH 3 pH 4 pH 6.5 pH 7 pH 8.5 pH 10-11 pH 13
pH Scale showing acidic, neutral and basic ranges with common examples
Key Concepts:
• Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus red, pH < 7
• Bases taste bitter, turn red litmus blue, pH > 7
• Neutralisation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• Strong acid: HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄  |  Weak acid: CH₃COOH, H₂CO₃
• Indicators: Litmus, Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange